Appendix A: Standardization, Reliability, and Validity Tables

Table A.29. Education Level Effects on EQ-i 2.0 Scores in the Normative Sample

The following table displays the means and standard deviations of EQ-i 2.0 Total EI scores, composite scales, and subscales in normative participants with a high school education or less and those with a post-secondary college/university degree. d values provide an effect size for describing differences between the two groups as small, medium, or large. The meaningfully higher scores (i.e., d ≥ .20) found in post-secondary graduates relative to individuals with a high school education or less supports the validity of the EQ-i 2.0.

Scale		High School or Less	Post-secondary Graduate	Cohen’s d
Total EI	M	98.1	103.2	0.33
Total EI	SD	15.5	14.8	0.33
Self-Perception Composite	M	98.0	103.8	0.38
Self-Perception Composite	SD	15.5	14.8	0.38
Self-Regard	M	98.4	102.4	0.26
Self-Regard	SD	15.4	14.7	0.26
Self Actualization	M	97.5	105.7	0.54
Self Actualization	SD	15.5	14.8	0.54
Emotional Self-Awareness	M	99.5	101.2	0.11
Emotional Self-Awareness	SD	15.7	15.0	0.11
Self-Expression Composite	M	99.0	100.4	0.09
Self-Expression Composite	SD	15.7	15.0	0.09
Emotional Expression	M	99.1	99.6	0.03
Emotional Expression	SD	15.6	14.9	0.03
Assertiveness	M	99.5	100.3	0.06
Assertiveness	SD	15.7	15.0	0.06
Independence	M	99.3	101.2	0.12
Independence	SD	15.4	14.7	0.12
Interpersonal Composite	M	98.7	102.2	0.23
Interpersonal Composite	SD	15.5	14.8	0.23
Interpersonal Relationships	M	99.8	99.1	-0.05
Interpersonal Relationships	SD	15.7	15.0	-0.05
Empathy	M	99.1	101.9	0.19
Empathy	SD	15.4	14.7	0.19
Social Responsibility	M	97.4	105.3	0.52
Social Responsibility	SD	15.5	14.8	0.52
Decision Making Composite	M	98.3	104.2	0.38
Decision Making Composite	SD	15.6	14.9	0.38
Problem Solving	M	98.7	102.1	0.22
Problem Solving	SD	15.4	14.7	0.22
Reality Testing	M	98.4	103.7	0.34
Reality Testing	SD	15.7	15.0	0.34
Impulse Control	M	99.0	104.2	0.33
Impulse Control	SD	15.8	15.1	0.33
Stress Management Composite	M	97.9	103.0	0.33
Stress Management Composite	SD	15.6	14.9	0.33
Flexibility	M	99.2	100.6	0.10
Flexibility	SD	15.7	15.0	0.10
Stress Tolerance	M	97.5	104.1	0.43
Stress Tolerance	SD	15.4	14.7	0.43
Optimism	M	98.4	102.6	0.27
Optimism	SD	15.6	14.9	0.27
Happiness	M	98.9	101.7	0.18
Happiness	SD	15.7	15.0	0.18

Note. Sample sizes vary due to missing data: High school or less, N = 1,748–1,751; Post-secondary Graduate, N = 402. Positive d values represent higher scores in post-secondary graduates, negative d values represent higher scores in high school or less group.