Appendix A: Standardization, Reliability, and Validity Tables

Table A.2. Comparison of EQ-i 2.0 Scores in U.S. and Canadian Samples

The following table provides mean and standard deviations of EQ-i 2.0 scores in U.S. and Canadian samples. d values provide an effect size to describe differences between the two countries as small, medium, or large. F and p values provide statistical significance tests for these differences. A lack of meaningful (i.e., |d| ≥ .20) differences between U.S. and Canadian participants supports combining the two countries in the normative sample, as was the case in the EQ-i 2.0 data.

Scale		U.S.	Canada	d	F	p
Total EI	M	98.9	99.5	-0.04	0.74	.391
Total EI	SD	15.4	15.5	-0.04	0.74	.391
Self-Perception Composite	M	99.8	100.1	-0.02	0.21	.646
Self-Perception Composite	SD	15.3	15.4	-0.02	0.21	.646
Self-Regard	M	99.1	100.0	-0.06	1.57	.210
Self-Regard	SD	14.9	15.0	-0.06	1.57	.210
Self-Actualization	M	100.5	100.7	-0.01	0.07	.789
Self-Actualization	SD	15.3	15.4	-0.01	0.07	.789
Emotional Self-Awareness	M	99.9	99.6	0.02	0.27	.606
Emotional Self-Awareness	SD	15.3	15.4	0.02	0.27	.606
Self-Expression Composite	M	98.4	99.1	-0.04	0.85	.358
Self-Expression Composite	SD	15.3	15.4	-0.04	0.85	.358
Emotional Expression	M	99.2	99.2	0.00	0.00	.991
Emotional Expression	SD	15.2	15.3	0.00	0.00	.991
Assertiveness	M	100.1	100.4	-0.02	0.16	.689
Assertiveness	SD	14.9	15.0	-0.02	0.16	.689
Independence	M	97.2	98.4	-0.08	3.22	.073
Independence	SD	15.2	15.3	-0.08	3.22	.073
Interpersonal Composite	M	99.6	100.7	-0.07	2.10	.147
Interpersonal Composite	SD	15.3	15.4	-0.07	2.10	.147
Interpersonal Relationships	M	99.3	100.4	-0.08	2.68	.102
Interpersonal Relationships	SD	15.3	15.4	-0.08	2.68	.102
Empathy	M	99.8	100.1	-0.02	0.28	.596
Empathy	SD	15.2	15.3	-0.02	0.28	.596
Social Responsibility	M	100.1	101.3	-0.08	3.01	.083
Social Responsibility	SD	15.1	15.2	-0.08	3.01	.083
Decision Making Composite	M	98.5	97.3	0.07	2.56	.109
Decision Making Composite	SD	15.5	15.6	0.07	2.56	.109
Problem Solving	M	97.8	97.5	0.02	0.14	.710
Problem Solving	SD	15.3	15.4	0.02	0.14	.710
Reality Testing	M	99.9	99.6	0.02	0.11	.739
Reality Testing	SD	15.3	15.3	0.02	0.11	.739
Impulse Control	M	99.0	96.7	0.14	9.64	.002
Impulse Control	SD	15.5	15.6	0.14	9.64	.002
Stress Management Composite	M	98.7	100.2	-0.10	4.84	.028
Stress Management Composite	SD	15.1	15.1	-0.10	4.84	.028
Flexibility	M	98.1	99.7	-0.10	4.89	.027
Flexibility	SD	15.1	15.2	-0.10	4.89	.027
Stress Tolerance	M	99.0	100.2	-0.08	2.76	.097
Stress Tolerance	SD	14.8	14.9	-0.08	2.76	.097
Optimism	M	99.5	100.6	-0.08	2.63	.105
Optimism	SD	15.2	15.3	-0.08	2.63	.105
Happiness	M	99.6	100.8	-0.08	2.69	.101
Happiness	SD	15.2	15.3	-0.08	2.69	.101

Note. Sample size ranges (due to missing data): U.S., N = 5,902 to 5,905; Canada, N = 507 to 508. df for F-tests: Total EI = 1, 6407; composite scales = 1, 6406; subscales = 1, 6403. Positive Cohen's d values signify higher means in the U.S. group, negative Cohen's d values signify higher means in the Canadian group. Guidelines for evaluating |d| are .20 = small, .50 = medium, .80 = large.